This DrJava-based Java programming environment is no longer being supported(because DrJava in no longer being actively developed and DrJava is incompatible with Java 11).It has been replaced by the following IntelliJ-based programming environment forMac OS X.

The actual developer of this Mac application is Redstone Software. The program is sometimes referred to as 'OSXvnc', 'Vine Server 2', 'Vine Server-4'. The program lies within System Tools, more precisely Remote Computing. Use Time Machine, the built-in backup feature of your Mac, to automatically back up your personal data, including apps, music, photos, email, and documents. Having a backup allows you to recover files that were deleted, or that were lost because the hard disk (or SSD) in your Mac needed to be erased or replaced. Always back up your iPhone, iPad, iPod touch or Mac before installing the public beta. Since Apple TV purchases and data are stored in the cloud, there’s no need to back up your Apple TV. To use a previously-released version of macOS or iOS, you can restore your device from the backup that you created before installing the public beta.

This document instructs you on how to set up our Java programming environment for your Mac OS X computer. It also provides a step-by-step guide for creating, compiling, and executing a Java program using either DrJava or Terminal.All of the software used is freely available.

You will need a Mac runningMac OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion) to Mac OS X 10.13 (High Sierra).

0. Install the Programming Environment

Our installer downloads, installs, and configures the Java programming environment you will be using, including DrJava, the textbook libraries, and the Terminal.

• Log in to the user account in which you will be programming.Your account must have Administrator privileges (with a non-blank password)and you must be connected to the Internet.
• Install Oracle’s implementation of the Java Platform, Standard Edition Development Kit (JDK 8).Do not install either JDK 9 or JDK 10, as they are currently incompatible with DrJava.
  • Browse toJava SE Development Kit 8u171.In the first table, check Accept License Agreementand the click jdk-8u171-macosx-x64.dmg,which corresponds to the entry for Mac OS X.The exact verison 8u171 is not essential.
  • Double click the downloaded file jdk-8u171-macosx-x64.dmg to begin the installation.Enter your OS X password when prompted.We recommend all of the default options.
  • Delete jdk-8u171-macosx-x64.dmg.
• To install,
  • Download algs4.zip;if using OS X 10.12 (or higher), move it to a different folder;double-click it to unzip (if necessary). This creates algs4.app.
  • Double-click algs4.app to perform the installation.If you receive a warning that algs4.app is an applicationdownloaded from the Internet, click Open.
  • Enter your OS X password when prompted.
• If the installation succeeds, you will see the following:
  • A Terminal window containing approximately thisexecution log.
  • A Standard Drawing window containing a red bullseye and a textbook graphic.
• Delete algs4.zip and algs4.app.

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1. Create the Program in DrJava

Now you are ready to write your first Java program.You will develop your Java programs in an application called DrJava.DrJava features many specialized programming tools including syntax highlighting,bracket matching, auto indenting, and line numbering.

• The installer creates a shortcut to DrJava on the desktop.Double-click it to launch DrJava.If you receive a warning about incoming network connections,click Allow.
• In the main DrJava window, type the Java programHelloWorld.java exactly as it appears below. If you omit even a semicolon, the program won’t work. As you type, DrJava does the indenting for you.
• Finally, click the Save button to save the file, using the name HelloWorld.java.The filename is case sensitive and must exactly match the name of theclass in the Java program.

2. Compile the Program from DrJava

It is now time to convert your Java program into a form more amenable for execution on a computer. To do this, click the Compile button.If all goes well, you should see the following message in the Compiler Outputpane at the bottom:

If DrJava complains in some way, you mistyped something.Check your program carefully, using the error messages in the Compiler Output paneas a guide.

3. Execute the Program from DrJava

Now it is time to run your program. This is the fun part.

• Type the following in the Interactions pane at the bottom.By convention, we highlight the text you type in boldface. If all goes well, you should see the following message:
• You may need to repeat this edit–compile–execute cycle a few times before it works.

4. Command-Line Interface

The command-line provides capabilities beyond those available in DrJava,including redirection and piping.You will type commands in an application called the Terminal.

• The installer creates a shortcut on the desktop to the Terminal.Double-click it to launch the Terminal. You should see something like:The ~ is shorthand for your home directory /Users/username;the name machine will be replaced by the name of your machine;the name username will be replaced by your username.
• To confirm that the Java compiler is installed,type the command in boldface below and check that the results match:It’s important that you see the number 1.8 for the Java version number, but the rest is not critical.
• To confirm that the Java interpreter is installed, typethe command in boldface below and check that the results match:Again, it’s important that you see the number 1.8 for the Java version number, but the rest is not critical.

5. Compile the Program from the Terminal

You will use the javac command to convert your Java program into a form more amenable for execution on a computer.

• From the Terminal, navigate to the directory containing HelloWorld.java,say /Users/<username>/intros/hello,by typing the cd (change directory) commands below:
• Compile it by typing the javac command below:Assuming the file HelloWorld.java is in the current working directory,you should see no error messages.
• To make our textbook libraries accessible to Java,use the command javac-algs4 instead.For example, to compile TestAlgs4.java,which uses our standard drawing library,the auto-installer issues the following command:At this time,javac-cos226 andjavac-courseraare equivalent tojavac-algs4.

6. Execute the Program from the Terminal

You will use the java command to execute your program.

• From the Terminal, type the java command below.You should see the output of the program.
• To make our textbook libraries accessible to Java,use the command java-algs4 instead. For example, to test standarddrawing and standard audio, type the following two commands:At this time,java-cos226 andjava-courseraare equivalent tojava-algs4.

7. Static Code Analysis Tools

You can useFindbugs,PMD,andCheckstyleand to check the style of your programs and identify common bug patterns.

• To run Findbugs 3.0.1, type the following command in the Terminal:The argument must be a list of .class files.Here is a list ofbug descriptions.
• To run PMD 5.8.1, type the following command in the Terminal:The argument must be either the name of a single .java file ora directory containing one or more .java files.Here is a list of bug patterns.
• To run Checkstyle 8.2, type the following command in the Terminal:The argument must be a list of .java files.Here is a list ofavailable checks.
• COS 226 students should use the following versions of these commands, to match the correspondingversions in the autograder:
• Coursera students should use the following versions of these commands, to match the correspondingversions in the autograder:

Troubleshooting

I previously used the introcs.app installerfrom the textbook Computer Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach.Should I use the algs4.app installer?Yes, we recommend using the algs4.app installer because it will installalgs4.jar, as well as the corresponding commands javac-algs4 and java-algs4.

How long should the installer take?Once downloaded, the Oracle Java installer should take about 10 seconds andthe algs4.app installer should take about 20 seconds.If you have virus detection software running (such as McAfee Endpoint), eachcould take 5–10 minutes (or more).

The installer didn’t work on my machine. What should I do?Please read the next few Q+As. If these don’t resolve the issue,please contact a staff member to identify what went wrong.

When I run the installer, I get the error message“bash: /Volumes/Macintosh: No such file or directory.”Your user account and OS must be on the same volume.

When I run the installer, the Terminal windows just waits after asking for a password.But, I don’t even have a password-enabled account.You must have a non-blank password.Here are instructions forresetting a user’s password.

When I run the installer, I get an error like “bash: /private/var/folders/70/n8stth1d1x33hrw8n07kf1280000gn/T/AppTranslocation/45FC25B7-17E3-46DF-AC27-9A7EF56DDFD3/d/algs4.app/Contents/Resources/launcher.sh: No such file or directory.” What should I do?This is likely due to OS X Sierra path randomization.Use the Finder to move algs4.app to some other folder and try again.

When I run the installer, I receive the following error after I enter my password:“bash: /???/Users/<username>/Desktop/algs4.app/Contents/Resources/launcher.sh: No such file or directory.”We’re not sure what causes this (but we think it is related to users with dual-boot systems / USB drives).Try opening a Terminal windows and typing

What does the installer do?In short, it downloads, installs, and configures Checkstyle, Findbugs, DrJava, and our textbook libraries. Here is a more detailed list:

1. Checks that Java is installed.
2. Downloads the textbook library fromalgs4.jar.
3. Downloads the Java wrapper scriptsjavac-algs4 andjava-algs4.
4. Downloads and installsFindbugs 3.0.1from findbugs.zip.Downloads our findbugs configuration file findbugs.xmland wrapper script findbugs-algs4.
5. Downloads and installsPMD 5.8.1from pmd.zip.Downloads our PMD configuration file pmd.xmland wrapper script pmd-algs4.
6. Downloads and installsCheckstyle 8.2from checkstyle.zip.Downloads our checkstyle configuration file checkstyle-algs4.xmland wrapper script checkstyle-algs4.
7. Downloads and installs the latest stable version ofDrJava,from DrJava.zip.Creates a shortcut to DrJava on the Desktop.Downloads the DrJava configuration file from.drjavato /Users/<username>/.drjava.Note that this will overwrite any existing .drjava configuration file.
8. Tests that the installation succeeded by compiling and executing TestAlgs4.java.

Why does the installer need my password?The installer copies files into/usr/local/bin and/usr/local/algs4,which require elevated privileges.

How do I completely uninstall algs4.app?

• Delete the directory /usr/local/algs4.
• To uninstall DrJava, delete the following two files:
  • /Applications/DrJava.app.
  • /Users/<username>/.drjava.
• To uninstall the Java, Findbugs, PMD, and Checkstyle, wrapper scripts,delete the following files:
  • /usr/local/bin/javac-{algs4,cos226,coursera}
  • /usr/local/bin/java-{algs4,cos226,coursera}
  • /usr/local/bin/findbugs-{algs4,cos226,coursera}
  • /usr/local/bin/pmd-{algs4,cos226,coursera}
  • /usr/local/bin/checkstyle-{algs4,cos226,coursera}
• Delete the shortcut to DrJava and Terminal on the Desktop.

What happens if I rerun the installer?It will re-download, install, and configureFindbugs, PMD, Checkstyle, DrJava, and our textbook libraries.

Can I use a different version of Java?Any version of Java 8 (either Oracle or OpenJDK) should work fine.Note that neither Java nor Findbugs work with Java 9.

I have both Java 8 and Java 9 installed, but the default version is Java 9. How doI change the default version back to Java 8?To disable Java 9, type the following commands in the Terminal:

You should still be able to use Java 9 by specifying the full path tojavac and java, e.g.,/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-9.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home/bin/javac.

Why I try to run DrJava, I get the following error message. How should I proceed?

Are you sure that you are using the version of DrJava that was installedby our auto-installer (and not downloaded from the DrJava website)?We suggest deleting any older versions of DrJava andusing the one that the auto-installer copied to the /Applicationsdirectory.

Can I use a different IDE?Yes you can use another IDE (such as Eclipse) butyou will have to configure the IDE properties yourself (such as the classpath). Reset Interactions;From the Terminal, type Ctrl-c.

When using standard input, how do I signify that there is no more data?If you are entering input from the keyboard, type Ctrl-d for EOF (end of file)from either DrJava or the Terminal.-->

When I compile or execute a program in Terminal that uses one of thetextbook libraries, I get an error that it cannot find the library. How can I fix this?Be sure that you are using the wrapper scripts /usr/local/bin/javac-algs4and /usr/local/bin/java-algs4.

Which shell should I use in the Terminal?The default shell in Mac OS X is bash, but feel free to use a different one if you prefer.

What’s the sha256sum of algs4.zip?483786a1197b7282b92c846667e847cd31a97a4e42bca71f95e21a2ce668fc33

Last modified on August 14, 2019.
Copyright © 2000–2019Robert SedgewickandKevin Wayne.All rights reserved.

MacWrite

Developer(s)	Apple Computer, Claris
Initial release	1984; 37 years ago
Final release
Operating system	Classic Mac OS (System 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 System 6 System 7)
Type	Word processor
License	Proprietary
Website	www.apple.de

MacWrite is a WYSIWYGword processorapplication released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. Together with MacPaint, it was one of the two original 'killer applications' that propelled the adoption and popularity of the GUI in general, and the Mac in particular.^{[citation needed]}

MacWrite was spun off to Claris, which released a major update in 1989 as MacWrite II. A further series of improvements produced 1993's MacWrite Pro, but further improvements were few and far between. By the mid-1990s, MacWrite was no longer a serious contender in the word processing market, and development ended around 1995.

History[edit]

Development[edit]

When the Mac was first being created, it was clear that users would interact with it differently from other personal computers. Typical computers of the era booted into text-only DOS or BASICcommand line environments, requiring the users to type in commands to run programs. Some of these programs may have presented a graphical user interface of their own, but on the Mac, users would instead be expected to stay in the standard GUI both for launching and running programs. Having an approachable, consistent GUI was an advantage for the Mac platform, but unlike prior personal computers, the Mac was sold with no programming language built-in.

This presented a problem to Apple: the Mac was due to be launched in 1983 (originally), with a new user interface paradigm, but no third-party software would be available for it, nor could users easily write their own. Users would end up with a computer that did nothing. In order to fill this void, several members of the Mac team took it upon themselves to write simple applications to fill these roles until third-party developers published more full-fledged software. The result was MacWrite and MacPaint, which shipped free with every Macintosh from 1984 to 1986.

The MacWrite development team was a company called Encore Systems, founded and led by Randy Wigginton, one of Apple's earliest employees, and included Don Breuner and Ed Ruder (co-founders of Encore Systems and also early Apple employees; Gabreal Franklin later joined Encore Systems as President.) Wigginton, who had left Apple in 1981, maintained a relationship with many Apple employees, many of whom were on the Macintosh development team. He agreed to lead the MacWrite development team on a semi-official basis. Before it was released, MacWrite was known as 'Macintosh WP' (Word Processor) and 'MacAuthor'. Allegedly, Steve Jobs was not convinced of his team's abilities, and secretly started up another project just to be sure; its development was eventually released as WriteNow.^{[citation needed]}

Early versions[edit]

The first versions of MacWrite were rather limited, supporting only the most basic editing features and able to handle just a few pages of text before running into performance problems. (Early versions of MacWrite held the entire document in memory, and early versions of the Macintosh had relatively little free memory.) Nevertheless, it increased user expectations of a word processing program. MacWrite established the conventions for a GUI-based word processor, with such features as a toolbar for selecting paragraph formatting options, font and style menus, and a ruler for tabs, margins, and indents. Similar word processors followed, including the first GUI version of Microsoft Word and WriteNow, which addressed many of MacWrite's limitations while adhering to much the same user interface.

The original Mac could print to a dot matrixprinter called the ImageWriter, but quality was only adequate. The later LaserWriterlaser printer allowed dramatically better output, at a price. However, the possibilities of the GUI/MacWrite/LaserWriter combination were obvious and this, in turn, spurred the development of desktop publishing, which became the 'killer app' for the Mac and GUIs in general.

MacWrite's inclusion with the Macintosh discouraged developers from creating other word processing software for the computer.^[1] Apple unbundled the software with the introduction of the Macintosh Plus, requiring customers to purchase it for the first time. Strong sales continued, and Apple eventually let MacWrite and MacPaint languish with no development resources assigned to improving them.

Unfortunately this plan backfired. Users flooded Apple with complaints, demanding newer versions that would keep pace with new features in the Mac, while at the same time developers flooded Apple with complaints about there being any possibility of an upgrade.^{[citation needed]} Apple finally decided the only solution was to spin off the products as a separate company, Claris.

MacWrite II[edit]

Claris formed in 1987 and re-released the existing versions of the Apple products under their own name. Initially it seemed Claris was as uninterested in developing MacWrite as Apple had been. Several minor upgrades were released to allow MacWrite to run on newer versions of the classic Mac OS, but few other problems were addressed.

Things changed in the later 1980s with the introduction of MacWrite II. The main changes for this release were an updated user interface, a number of new 'style' capabilities, and the inclusion of Claris' file translator technology, XTND. MacWrite II was the first really new version of the software, and was based on a word processing engine purchased from Quark, Inc.

By 1989 Word already dominated the Mac with about 60% market share, but the introduction of MacWrite II changed things dramatically; by 1990 Word had dropped to about 45% of the market, and MacWrite had risen to about 30%. This seemed to demonstrate that it would be worth developing further, but Claris did not respond quickly with updated versions.

Microsoft, on the other hand, did, and soon introduced Word 4.0. MacWrite's share once again started to erode.

MacWrite Pro[edit]

In the late 1980s Claris started a massive upgrade series to produce the 'Pro' line of products. The main change would be to integrate all of their products with a consistent GUI based on that of FileMaker. This included a common toolbar running down the left side of the screen, and a number of standardized tool palettes. In addition, the Pro series also used common international spelling dictionaries and a thesaurus. The result was a suite of products that all looked and worked the same way, and were able to read and write each other's formats.

The resulting MacWrite Pro, released in early 1993, was a major upgrade from previous versions. Reviewers almost universally praised the new release as offering all the required tools while still being very easy to use.^[2] However, development had been slow; one developer claimed it was primarily due to extremely demanding quality assurance requirements.^{[citation needed]} By the time MacWrite Pro was released, Word completely dominated the word processor market. Pro did little to address MacWrite's rapidly dwindling market share, which briefly stabilized at about 5% of the market before starting to slide again. Sales were apparently dismal, and it was one of the first products Claris abandoned in the mid-1990s.

The word-processing module of AppleWorks is very similar to MacWrite Pro. While it was written entirely from scratch,^[3] it retained some of the design limitations of MacWrite Pro. However, later versions of AppleWorks are unable to read older MacWrite Pro files.

Reception[edit]

In a survey of five Macintosh word processors, Compute!'s Apple Applications in 1987 wrote that 'once a bold pioneer, MacWrite now seems frozen in time ... it lags behind other word processors in power and responsiveness, and it's clearly unsuited for outlining, layout, and other advanced tasks'.^[1]

Version history[edit]

Version	Release date
1.0	January 24, 1984[4]
2.2	May 1984[5]
4.5	April 1985[6]
4.6	July 1987[7]
5.0	March 1988[8]
II	January 1989
Pro 1.0	March 1993
Pro 1.5	1994

See also[edit]

• Pages, the word processor in Apple's iWork suite

References[edit]

Citations

1. ^ ^ab'Macintosh: The Word Explosion'. Compute!'s Apple Applications. December 1987. pp. 54–60. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
2. ^Assadi 1993, p. 104. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAssadi1993 (help)
3. ^Hearn, Bob (2003). 'A Brief History of ClarisWorks'. groups.csail.mit.edu. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
4. ^Apple's new MacIntosh: specs
5. ^Mac Finder..etc.. upgrade available FREE
6. ^Ramblings 5/85
7. ^New MacDraw release
8. ^Re: Claris MacWrite 5.0

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Bibliography

• Barbara Assadi, 'MacWrite Pro: It could be a major contender', InfoWorld, September 20, 1993, pp. 102–104
• Stan Liebowitz, 'Word processors', University of Texas

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External links[edit]

• MacWrite at mac512.com (Archived version)
• Word processors (shows a chart indicating MacWrite II's brief but meteoric rise in market share)

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